J Affect Disord. 2025 Jul 1;380:475-486. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2025.03.163. Epub 2025 Mar 26.
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Maternal thyroid dysfunction and maternal depression during pregnancy may increase the risk of child behavioral and emotional problems. We sought to investigate the independent and interactive associations of these two risk factors with child behavior problems.
METHODS: We combined data from four cohorts in the Environmental influences on Child Health Outcomes (ECHO) program (N = 949). Maternal thyroid function (thyroid-stimulating hormone [TSH], free thyroxine [fT4], thyroid peroxidase autoantibodies [TPO-Ab], fT4/TSH ratio) was measured predominantly during the first half of pregnancy. We harmonized maternal depression into a continuous measure of antepartum depressive symptomatology and a dichotomous measure reflecting (history of) clinical depression. Child internalizing and externalizing problems were harmonized to the T-score metric of the Child Behavior Checklist. We used multiple linear regression and random effects meta-analysis to assess the average relationship between each predictor and outcome, and the variability in these relationships across cohorts.
RESULTS: Across cohorts, antepartum depressive symptomatology was positively associated with both internalizing (meta B = 2.879, 95 % CI 1.87-3.89, p < .001) and externalizing problems (meta B = 1.683, 95 % CI 0.67-2.69, p = .001). None of the indicators of maternal thyroid function was associated with child behavior problems across cohorts. TPO-Ab concentrations were positively associated with child externalizing problems only in offspring of depressed mothers (meta B = 3.063, 95 % CI 0.73-5.40, p = .010).
CONCLUSIONS: This study supports the importance of maternal antepartum mental health for child behavior across diverse populations. However, we found little empirical evidence for an association between maternal thyroid function within the normal range during pregnancy and child behavioral problems.
PMID:40154801 | DOI:10.1016/j.jad.2025.03.163